NEW DISEASE ABOUT VIRUS New diseases and renewed threats During the past 20 years, at least 30 new diseases have emerged, for many of which there is no treatment, cure or vaccine, or the possibility of effective prevention or control. In addition, the uncontrolled and inappropriate use of antibiotics has resulted in increased antimicrobial resistance and is seriously threatening drug control strategies against such common diseases as tuberculosis, malaria, cholera, dysentery and pneumonia. EMERGING infectious diseases are those whose incidence in humans has increased during the last two decades or which threatens to increase in the near future. The term also refers to newly-appearing infectious diseases, or diseases that are spreading to new geographical areas - such as cholera in South America and yellow fever in Kenya. It refers also to diseases that were easily controlled by chemotherapy and antibiotics, but which have developed anti-microbial resistance. The diseases in question involve all the major modes of transmission - they are spread either from person to person, by insects or animals, or through contaminated water or food. The most dramatic example of a new disease is AIDS, caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The existence of the virus was unknown until 15 years ago, but it has since then infected an estimated 24 million adults worldwide, and that number could grow to a cumulative total of 40 million by the year 2000. The origins of HIV are unknown, but it is related to viruses which cause AIDS-like illness in monkeys. Microorganisms constantly undergo changes that enable them to cope with an increasingly hostile environment in their hosts. For example, HIV exploits weaknesses in the host's defences by damaging the human immune system, thereby allowing other 'opportunistic' infections to take advantage. A new breed of deadly haemorrhagic fevers, of which Ebola is the most notorious, has struck in Africa, Asia, the United States and Latin America. Ebola appeared for the first time in Zaire and Sudan in 1976; it has since struck in Cote d'Ivoire in 1994 and 1995, Liberia in 1995 and again in Zaire in 1995, where it was fatal in 77% of cases. The United States has seen the emergence of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, characterised by respiratory failure and a case fatality rate of over 50%. Since it was first recognised in 1993, this type of hantavirus infection has been detected in more than 20 states in that country, and has also surfaced in Argentina and Brazil. This hantavirus is carried by rodents, particularly deer mice, and other hantaviruses have been recognised for many years in Asia, where they cause haemorrhagic fever with renal involvement in humans. Epidemics of food-borne and water-borne diseases due to new organisms such as cryptosporidium or new strains of bacteria such as Escherichia coli have hit industrialised and developing countries alike. The O157:H7 strain of E.coli was first reported in 1982 and has since then been implicated in many serious outbreaks of diarrhoeal illness, sometimes leading to kidney failure. The strain has been linked to undercooked hamburger beef and unpasteurised milk. A completely new strain of cholera, 0139, appeared in south-eastern India in 1992 and has since spread north and west to other areas of India, into western China, Thailand and other parts of South-East Asia. The threat of a new global influenza pandemic is increasing. Major shifts in the make-up of influenza viruses occur every 20 years or so, triggering large epidemics in many parts of the world, and causing many thousands of deaths. The next such shift is expected to take place very soon. Epidemic strains of influenza viruses originate from China. The influenza virus is carried by ducks, chickens and pigs raised in close proximity to one another on farms. The exchange of genetic material between these viruses produces new strains, leading to epidemics of human influenza, each epidemic being due to a different strain. New strains such as those of cholera and influenza do not follow the usual pattern of being more common in younger people. They affect all age groups, since older people have not acquired immunity to them from previous infection. The emergence of drug-resistant strains of microorganisms or parasites is promoted by treatments that do not result in cure. The increasing use of antimicrobials worldwide, often in subtherapeutic doses and sometimes in counterfeit form, guarantees that this problem will increase in the foreseeable future.... Changes in lifestyle, behaviour (including injecting and non-injecting drug use) and cultural or social values are behind the emergence of some infectious diseases such as syphilis. Increases in the number of sexual partners have been the main factor in the spread of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. Travel, including tourism, also plays a role. The spread of syphilis in the 18th and 19th centuries was related to the movement of armies. , the introduction of HIV in many parts of the world is due to greatly increased human mobility. Studies show that whereas only a few generations ago most people in their lifetime travelled no further than 40 kilometres from their birthplace, many today go up to 1,000 times further, travelling the whole world.\ The practices of modern medicine also contribute. The spread of viral hepatitis is related in part to techniques such as kidney dialysis and multiple blood transfusions, as well as to other forms of transmission. KIDNEY Relaxation in immunisation practices can quickly result in the resurgence of diseases, as, for example, the recent spread of diphtheria in the Russian Federation and other former republics of the USSR. New animal diseases pose potential food-borne risks to human health that are sometimes difficult to evaluate or predict. An example that has caused much public concern in Europe is bovine spongiform encephalopathy ('mad cow disease'). Fears have grown that the infectious agent responsible may be passed through the food chain to cause a variant of the incurable Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, in which the brain is attacked. The British beef market has been seriously affected and stringent public health safeguards have been introduced. The reasons for outbreaks of new diseases, or sharp increases in those once believed to be under control, are complex and still not fully understood. The fact is however that national health has become an international challenge. An outbreak anywhere must now be seen as a threat to virtually all countries, especially those that serve as major hubs of international travel. Despite the emergence of new diseases in the last 20 years, there is still a lack of national and international political will and resources to develop and support the systems that are necessary to detect them and stop their spread. Without doubt diseases as yet unknown, but with the potential to be the AIDS of tomorrow, lurk in the shadows. Antimicrobial resistance Resistance by disease-causing organisms to antimicrobial drugs and other agents is a major public health problem worldwide. It is making a growing number of infections virtually untreatable, both in hospitals (as discussed in the later section on hospital infections) and in the general community. It is having a deadly impact on the control of diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, cholera, dysentery and pneumonia. Antimicrobial resistance is not a new problem, but it has worsened dramatically in the last decade. During that time, the pace of development of new antimicrobials has slowed down while the prevalence of resistance has grown at an alarming rate. The increase in the number of drug-resistant bacteria is no longer matched by a parallel expansion in the arsenal of agents used to treat infections.

Human Breast Cancer Cells Linked to Development of an Aggressive

Human Breast Cancer Cells Linked to Development of an Aggressive, But Less Common Form of Breast Cancer

Scientists have identified a group of surface markers on cells linked to an aggressive type of breast cancer called estrogen receptor-negative cancer.

In this preliminary study, estrogen-negative breast cancer developed when three markers, CD44+, CD49fhi, and CD133hi were present simultaneously on the surface of human cells taken from breast cancer patients and transplanted into a mouse; this is called a xenograft model.

The scientists named these human cells with tumor-forming ability in mice, xenograft-initiating cells, or XIC.

The research, conducted by scientists at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), part of the National Institutes of Health, appeared online May 18, 2010, and in print June 1, 2010, in Cancer Research.

Tumor cells were labeled with a fluorescent marker and then introduced into the mouse’s circulation by tail vein injection. Subsequently, the lungs were excised, filled with agarose—a type of complex carbohydrate—to provide structural support, sliced, and placed in culture.

This allowed the researchers to follow the growth of the tumor cells over time, and to view growth from single cells to proliferating cell colonies. In each case the cells that were highly metastatic in mice were also highly metastatic in the PuMA. The same was true for low metastatic cells.

With this validation in place, the team showed that the assay also provided an opportunity to evaluate new cancer drugs for their specific effects on metastatic progression.

This is important because most cancer drugs in development screen for anti-cancer activity in primary tumor growth and not in metastasis.


The scientists also demonstrated, for the first time, that the common markers CD44+, CD24- on the surface of stem cells were not necessarily or exclusively associated with growth in tumors of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer.


The identification of XIC may encourage investigators to re-evaluate the merits of therapeutically targeting CD44+, CD24-.

The identification of specific markers on cells that are associated with estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer is important because this type of breast cancer is more difficult to treat than estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.


Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers may be treated with medications such as tamoxifen, which interfere with the activity of estrogen. But no targeted therapies are yet available for patients with estrogen receptor-negative breast tumors.


These cancers are currently treated with chemotherapy drugs that are toxic to many cells, not just cancer cells, and which can be hard for patients to tolerate.


Surface markers, usually proteins, are visualized on many cell types using antibodies or other detection methods.


To identify surface markers of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer stem-like cells, the investigators tested different populations of human breast cancer cells for their ability to form tumors when injected into the fat pads of the mammary glands of mice with compromised immune systems.


The various tumor cell populations were prepared by a technique called flow cytometry, in which distinct antibodies bind to specific cell surface markers, resulting in separate subpopulations of cells.

Scientists Develop Model that Advances Understanding of the Process of Cancer Metastasis

Scientists Develop Model that Advances Understanding of the Process of Cancer Metastasis

Metastasis of a tumor from its primary site to other parts of the body continues to be the main reason why people die from cancer.

The group theorized that introducing tumor cells into animals just prior to performing a lung culture might allow them to study the metastatic progression as it was happening. With this aim in mind, they developed an ex vivo (PuMA) in which cancer cells marked with a fluorescent molecule can be viewed during metastatic progression—from a single tumor cell to a secondary site in the lung.

The scientists acknowledge that there are other approaches to studying metastasis in animals, in real-time, but explain that those approaches require microscopic tools that are not widely available and not amenable to the study of the lung.

The PuMA allows the serial assessment of metastatic progression without such instruments and provides a new window into the steps involved in metastatic progression

n this experiment, the scientists compared a series of high and low-potential metastatic cells both in mice and in the PuMA. Malignant tumors are composed of cells with different characteristics and only certain cells have metastatic potential; the establishment of cell lines with high or low metastatic potential is necessary to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the metastatic process.

Immunotherapy Boosts Pediatric Cancer Survival

Boosts Pediatric Cancer Survival

Administering a new form of immunotherapy to children with neuroblastoma, a nervous system cancer, increased the percentage of those who were alive and free of disease progression after two years.

The percentage rose from 46 percent for children receiving a standard therapy to 66 percent for children receiving immunotherapy plus standard therapy, according to the study in the Sept. 30, 2010, New England Journal of Medicine.




Neuroblastoma is a cancer of the peripheral nervous system (found outside of the brain and spinal cord), and is responsible for 12 percent of all deaths due to cancer in children under 15 years of age.

It is the most common non-brain solid tumor in children. Nearly 50 percent of patients with neuroblastoma have a high-risk form of the disease and have poor long-term survival despite very intensive treatment.

The previously established standard treatment for neuroblastoma uses high doses of chemotherapy to destroy as many cancer cells as possible. But this form of chemotherapy (myleoablative therapy) also destroys some normal blood-forming cells, so it is followed by giving back previously collected blood-forming cells to restore immune system function and blood cell formation

The phase III trial results establish ch14.18 immunotherapy as a new standard treatment for children with high-risk neuroblastoma,” said Alice Yu, M.D., Ph.D., University of California, San Diego and study chair of the clinical trial.


Because there was no pharmaceutical company to make ch14.18 when the phase III trial started, NCI manufactured the agent and provided it to COG for the clinical trial. NCI continues to manufacture ch14.18 and to make it available to children with high-risk neuroblastoma through ongoing Children’s Oncology Group clinical trials.

TOYATO INNOVA CAR

TOYOTO INNOVA CAR

• Toyota's people mover looks every inch a winner:
• It has terrific interior space and comfort, great refinement, a smooth and punch pair of engines and impressive flexibility.
• Moving away from the crude UV tradition, the Innova is car like to look at and drive and beautifully built.

FEATURES OF SEATS

Seat Belts	--	Central Lock
Music System	--	Air Bags
A/C Cool & Heat	--	ABS System
Rare A/C vents	--	Rare Center Arm-rest

Engine & Other information:

Petrol or Diesel Cylinder	--	4
Capacity	--	2000 cc
Power	--	136 @ 5600 rpm
Drive	--	Rare Wheel Drive
Boot Space	--	5 Suite Cases

FRONT WING

Petrol or Diesel Cylinder	--	4
Capacity	--	2000 cc
Power	--	136 @ 5600 rpm
Drive	--	Rare Wheel Drive
Boot Space	--	5 Suite Cases

LATEST CARS IN 2010

Audi

Audi Company was established by a man named August Horch. August Horch founded the Company HORCH & CO in 1899. August Horch made his 1st car with the help of his 15 fellow workers in 1901. At that time, the car made by August Horch had max speed of 32 km/h. Later in 1909 unfortunately August Horch left his company due to some major problems. Later this company got popularity with the name of Audi. "Audi" is the Latin translation for "Horch". August Horch choused this name on his own name because he wished to construct the cars under his name.

Now in this modern era, Audi is producing beautiful and stylish cars. The new Audi Q7 is a best car provided by Audi.

BMW

BMW stands for Bavarian Motor Works. The history of BMW is a history of improvement, devotion and strength of mind. BMW is serving for us since 1913. BMW has provided a lot of models of cars in the world market. Today, BMW has got popularity and is flying in the air of fame due to its best service. New BMW car models are available in the market, such as BMW M5.

There are also many other models of BMW, including BMW X5, BMW M6, BMW X3 and BMW 7 series. BMW 5 series, BMW 6 series, BMW 3 series and BMW Z4 are also the latest versions provided by the BMW. You can get knowledge about the prices of these models from many websites that are offering BMW cars sale.

Chevrolet

Chevrolet is one of the best manufacturers of cars and it is the top selling GM marques. Chevrolet is known as best known GM brand in worldwide. Chevrolet is GM's largest brand, currently offering over 20 vehicles and many different enhanced versions in its home market.

This brand is producing all kinds of vehicles, from cars to medium duty commercial trucks. Chevrolet is providing its vehicles in all over the world. The vehicles of Chevrolet are liked by stylish and rich persons. Chevrolet Impala, Chevrolet corvette, Chevrolet Silverado, Chevrolet trailblazer and Chevrolet HHR are best cars of Chevrolet.

Dodge

In earlier days, a bicycle company decided to change their products in auto cars. Here I m writing about the Dodge brothers. Their names were John and Horace. When they started their career in their father’s shop, they were only of 19 years old. Later, they thought to change their business in cars. Later, they came to the attention of Henry Ford. In fact he was impressed with them and he offered them to work with him at one-tenth interests.

Today, Dodge Company is most popular company of this world. Now, Dodge is introducing newest models of cars in the market. You can check and compare the prices of Dodge cars from many web sites.

Ferrari

Ferrari Company was established at the name of its owner. Enzo Ferrari was born in February 18, 1898 near Modena, Italy. His father took him in an automobile race in Bologna. After attending a lot of other races Enzo Ferrari decided to become a race driver. He drove a modified production car in 1920. Enzo Ferrari Company was connected with Alfa Romeo Company, for many years. In this period, Ferrari constructed only a few sports cars.

In 1940, Enzo Ferrari decided to depart Alfa Romeo and started a new company named Ferrari. And in 1969 he decided to sell 50% shares of his company and later in 1988, 90% shares were sold. Now Ferrari Company has its own name in worldwide. The cars of Ferrari are liked by everyone. There are some sites where Ferrari cars information can be seen.

Ford

Ford is doing its job since 1903. This company was based on the name of its owner Henry Ford. In 1903, Henry Ford and 11 other business men signed on a new project of making cars. With $28000 of cash, this company became the largest company of this world. Henry Ford decided to build affordable cars for a mass market. In 1903, the company used to select first 19 alphabets to name new cars.

The model T was created in 1908. In 1925, it became a globe company. In 1930, this brand started to create mid priced cars. Now the cars of Ford Company are available in all prices. Ford is providing a lot of stylish cars in the market.

Honda

Honda Company was founded in 1946. In 1946, Honda created a technical institute in Japan. Firstly, Honda decided to build small motor bike engines. In 1959, Honda gave promotion its company and opened its first store in Los Angeles. In fact, the story of Honda is the story of one man. Honda Company was based on the name of a person Soichiro Honda. Soichiro Honda was a racer, businessmen and he was also a manufacturer.

Honda got much popularity due to its motorbikes, but later this company started to construct cars. Now in this modern era, Honda cars are valuable as well as stylish and affordable. If you want to know about the latest models of Honda cars, then you should visit the sites where you can find information of Honda cars.

Hummer

Hummer is also a well known company sustaining a lot of beautiful and stylish cars in all over the world. In 1979, AM General tried to start preliminary design work on the M998 series. In fact it was a multi proposed vehicle, built by AM General. Due to this production, AM General was awarded by US Army in 1981. Later, AM General started building cars for Hummer Company.

In 1989, Hummer Company made its first truck. After this, Hummer started to construct beautiful and stylish cars and got popularity in all over the world. Now you can find new models of hummer cars and other vehicles.

Lamborghini

The Lamborghini Company was created by a person, named Ferrucio Lamborghini. In his small age, he had a keen aptitude for anything mechanical. In his younger period, he joined an Italian service company, where he started service of vehicles. After the war period, he started to provide tractors. Gradually, he promoted himself and made his own company in 1963. He was not satisfied with Ferrari he owned and he thought that he could build a better car.

He used his birth sign Taurus the Bull, as symbol for his cars. Most of cars were named in connection with bulls. In 1964, he provided his first car; the 350 GT. 350 GT, 400 GT and 400 GT 2+2 were the major reasons of the fame of this company. Now this company is sustaining a lot of new models of cars in the market. You can check Lamborghini prices from internet.

Lexus

Lexus is a new car brand name used by Toyota. Toyota uses this name in North America. Lexus is also used in Australia, New Zealand and in Europe for luxury automobiles. Lexus can compare their Vehicles with other nice brands like Mercedes-Benz and BMW. And in 2005, Toyota introduced this brand in Japan.

Lexus is known as best company in all over the world. The cars of Lexus are liked by everyone due to their beautiful shapes and colors.

Mazda

Mazda is also well known company in all over the world. Mazda started to work in 1967 when it introduced 1st rotary vehicle. The first vehicle of Mazda was 110S Cosmo sports. Later in 1968, Mazda started to sale their vehicles in Canada. And in 1970, M0 Mazda established Mazda motors in America. Later in 1972, Mazda produced sedan and wagon.

This time Mazda Company was on top of the list. In 1978, Mazda introduced a rotary engined RX-7 sports car. After 1978, Mazda started to provide a lot of stylish and beautiful vehicles including Mini Mazda and cars. Mazda cars are liked in the market due to their beautiful designs. Mazda always sustains affordable cars.

McLaren

McLaren is providing a lot of stylish and nice cars in all over the world. McLaren got success in 1995, when the team entered the McLaren F1 GTR model. The car was piloted by a French man Yannick Dalmas. In 1997, the McLaren cars were developed the F1 GTR for the 24 hour race.

Earlier, it could complete 298 laps at an average speed of 168.992 km/h. McLaren changes were based on improvement of the engines of McLaren cars. By making these changes, the weight of McLaren cars was also reduced.

Mercedes

Mercedes has its great name in the car market. Mercedes is sustaining most stylish cars in all over the world. Mercedes is one of the best know companies in all over the world. Mercedes is also known for their sports cars. Models included are the supercharged SSK and Gull wing 300SL, which were produced in 1954.

Now Mercedes is still providing beautiful sports cars.

Mitsubishi

Mitsubishi was established in 1917 in Japan and it introduced an automobile in 1917. With the passage of time, Mitsubishi provided stylish cars at affordable prices.

Now Mitsubishi is sustaining Mitsubishi Eclipse, Mitsubishi Eclipse Endeavor and Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution.

Nissan

Nissan Company is also manufacturing beautiful designs of cars.

The latest models of Nissan cars are Nissan Altima, Nissan 350z, Nissan Frontier, Nissan Xterra and Nissan versa.

Toyota

In the cluster of car companies, there is a company named Toyota doing its great job. Toyota is oldest company among all the companies. Toyota is giving the facility of affordable cars.

Toyota is introducing newest models of its cars. Toyota 4Runner, Toyota Camry Solara, Toyota Land cruiser, Toyota RAV4, Toyota Tacoma and Toyota Yaris are best and most popular ones.

eXtreme Toyota Hilux / Tacoma pickup in Top Gear’s polar expedition

Top Gear is said to be the world’s highest production costing automotive TV show and damn right it is. Watch the ‘polar challenge’ episode if you think otherwise. Its a 400 mile expedition from ‘Resolute’ a north Canadian town to the north pole in a Toyota Hilux pick up truck.

more pics of this Toyota Hilux after the jump.

Maruti Suzuki’s all new Grand Vitara for 2007

Maruti Suzuki’s all new Grand Vitara for 2007 replaces the older boxy & dated Vitara but this time with a smaller 2.0-litre petrol motor. Suzuki is out to create a brand image for itself all over the world with its aggressive revival strategy. Swift has already made its presence felt and the new GV is yet another new gen vehicle in its product line-up. Even before the Suzuki’s SX4 has sunk in, Maruti Udyog has gone ahead and launched the Grand Vitara. Suzuki’s Vitara was one of the earliest SUVs that created this class called the 'Uraban SUV'…the new fad that is. Frankly, this is the only available soft-roader in India that can genuinely go anywhere.

Chevrolet Optra Magnum TCDi gets GM Daewoo’s first Diesel

Chevrolet Optra and the SRV in the local market were made by the GM Daewoo alliance and are sold under different brands in different parts of the world. What is a Chevy for us is a Daewoo in Korea and a Holden in Australia but what blew me down was its a Suzuki for the US, “how?” you might ask, all I know is Suzuki owns a little under 10% share in GM Daewoo. Chevy Optra Magnum gets the first diesel engine built by GM Daewoo and this engine is based on the same block as the one in the Hyundai Elantra, Tucson & Sonata Embera.

Maruti Suzuki SX4 Sedan Arrives!

SX4 stands for “S” – Sport, “X” – Crossover, “4″ – All Seasons.
As part of the Suzuki’s new revival strategy SX4 is its second global car (the first being the Suzuki Swift). Maruti Udyog Ltd has recently launched the SX4 sedan in the premium A3 segment aimed mainly at Honda City which is the current segment leader. The car is originally a hatch converted to sedan designed at the world famous Guigiaro’s ITALDESIGN studio.

Mahindra Renault Logan Launched

Mahindra Renault says “Arrive in Style” Duh! Like… 10 years ago? Logan is anything but stylish. The design is bland and the car looks dated. Bar the wheel arches, there is not a single curve on the car. Looking at the styling, Renault Logan is a contemporary of Ford Ikon and Maruti Esteem. Good for us the Indian Logan got a new grille, the Logan sold elsewhere has an unnaturally ugly nose.